Hoch Cunningham Environmental Lectures

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When: Thursdays from 12:00-1:00pm          
Where: Multi-purpose Room, Curtis Hall, Medford Campus (except for Keynote Lecture)

Every week during the academic year, the Hoch Cunningham Environmental Lectures feature speakers from government, industry, academia, and non-profit organizations to give presentations on environmental topics. This is a great opportunity to broaden your knowledge beyond the curriculum, meet other faculty and students, and network with the speakers.

Students, faculty, staff, and members of the community are welcome to attend.

The Hoch Cunningham Environmental Lectures are made possible thanks to the generosity of Daphne Hoch-Cunningham J82, A18P and Roland Hoch A85, A19P.

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We will continue with a hybrid format this year, so although speakers will speak on campus, viewers may tune into a livestream. Use the "Online Viewer Registration" link below each date to register via Zoom. You may also get the livestream registration by subscribing to our HoCu newsletter or sending an email to: environmentalstudies@tufts.edu.          
 

Spring 2024 Lecture Schedule

Spring 2024 Lecture Information

  Writing the Western Aquifer Crisis

Speaker: Lucas Bessire

Thursday, January 18, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 

The major aquifers of the American West are in deep trouble. As the High Plains grow hotter, drier, less fertile and more populated, conflicts are escalating over who gets to use how much of the groundwater that remains. The depletion of these arid-region aquifers poses an existential threat to the basic foundations of historical agrarian social contracts and presumptive futures. Despite growing awareness of the problem, effective solutions remain surprisingly elusive. This talk explores the factors that continue to drive groundwater destruction in order to craft a larger reflection about the need to foreground more humanistic genres of writing about urgent environmental issues. What kind of scholarship might help cultivate more sustainable relationships with natural worlds and one another?

This talk is being cosponsored by the Department of Anthropology, the Division of Agriculture Food and Environment (Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy), the Department of History, the Department of Sociology, and Tisch College.

Lucas Bessire is an American writer, filmmaker and anthropologist. His work explores the social worlds emerging along extractive frontiers across the Americas. Between 2001-2022, he carried out 56 months of ethnographic fieldwork with recently-contacted Ayoreo peoples in Bolivia and Paraguay. Additional field research has taken him from lowland South America to Arctic Alaska and the High Plains of western Kansas. He is the author of the books Behold the Black Caiman: a Chronicle of Ayoreo Life (U Chicago Press, 2014) and Running Out: In Search of Water on the High Plains (Princeton UP, 2021), which was a finalist for the National Book Award. A fifth-generation Kansan, he has held fellowships from the Institute for Advanced Studies, Harvard's Radcliffe Institute, Stanford's Center for Advanced Studies, and the Guggenheim Foundation. Currently, he is professor of anthropology at the University of Oklahoma.

  Hacking the Climate Crisis: Environmental Hackathons as a Vehicle for Justice-Centric Climate Action

Speaker: Sanjana Paul, Earth Hacks

Thursday, January 25, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Lecture Recording – Jan. 25

Hackathons are typically short, intense programming contests, with roots in the open-source software movement. In recent years, hackathons have become increasingly prevalent on college campuses around the world, offering community-building and experiential learning opportunities. We present a discussion of how Earth Hacks seeks to harness the hackathon innovation model to combat environmental issues and drive a justice-focused culture shift in the tech space, along with insights from our theory of change and approach to environmental innovation. Through our focus on utilizing the hackathon innovation model, we curate supportive, inclusive, interdisciplinary environmental hackathons as a mechanism for immersive environmental education and as a method to push forward a constellation of small, impactful environmental projects. We further offer examples of environmental justice and technology educational resources through The Environmental Justice in Tech Project, a collection of resources dedicated to imaging the future of what environmentally just technology looks like.

Sanjana Paul

Sanjana Paul is the co-founder and executive director of Earth Hacks, an environmental hackathon organization, and is currently a graduate student in environmental policy and planning at MIT. She holds a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and physics and has worked on projects ranging from atmospheric science software engineering to passing building decarbonization policy at the municipal level.

  Tufts at the Energy Transition

Speaker: Dano Weisbord, Tufts University

Thursday, February 1, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Lecture Recording – Feb. 1 

Tufts University (and the rest of the world) needs to transition away from using fossil fuels to provide energy services: heating, cooling, and electricity. Join Chief Sustainability Officer, Dano Weisbord to learn how we might do this at a campus and community scale. We will also discuss the ways we can support change in institutions and across society.

This lecture is being co-sponsored by the Office of Sustainability.

Dano Weisbord

Dano Weisbord joined Tufts in 2022 working with senior leadership to further Tufts’ commitment to be a higher education leader in sustainability and climate matters. He is working across the university to bridge campus operations with education, co-curricular, and research activities. Dano came to Tufts from Smith College where he held the position of Associate Vice President for Campus Planning and Sustainability. Dano was responsible for large-scale planning projects at Smith including the electrification and decarbonization of a thermal and electric district energy system. Over his fourteen years at Smith, Dano also served as Director of the Center for the Environment, Ecological Design and Sustainability and was the College’s Founding Director of Sustainability establishing sustainability and campus planning functions. 

Previously, Dano advised on corporate environmental responsibility strategy for CLF Ventures in Boston MA, where clients included international mining, energy and real-estate companies, and organized a regional wind-power industry alliance. He was a director of the Global Association of Corporate Sustainability Officers in London, and lead author on Sustainable Endowments Institute’s Greening the Bottom Line. Dano has a Master of Arts in Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning from Tufts University and a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Industrial Design from the Rhode Island School of Design.

  Too Hot, Too Cold, Too Old: Climate Change Through the Eyes of Black Baby Boomers in the American South

Speaker: Lacee Satcher, Boston College

Thursday, February 8, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA)
Lecture Recording – Feb. 8

As extreme weather events continue to devastate communities around the globe, climate change and global warming are increasingly popular focuses of national news media attention. As the US “Baby Boomer” generation has inhabited the Earth longer than most of the living population and likely has seen, over time, the impact of changing climate on their communities, it is important to highlight and understand how this group experiences and makes sense of public discourse on climate change. Drawing from several areas of socio-environmental research, this study contributes knowledge about how older Black Americans in three cities in the American South experience, engage and make meaning of climate change discourse and policy. Additionally, the current study contributes insights on the real and perceived health impacts of climate change among this population. This micro-level approach reveals a more nuanced understanding of the race-health-environment connection in the contexts of the climate crisis.

Lacee Satchet

Dr. Lacee Satcher is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and Environmental Studies at Boston College. Her primary research interests include race/ethnicity, health & place, social psychology of health, and urban environmental inequality. Her most recent work focuses on the racism-environment-health connection, specifically how systems of oppression organize individuals across space and place in ways that structure their relations with and within the built and natural environment to shape health outcomes, health experiences, and place attachment. She has co-authored papers in the areas of environmental justice, racism & children’s health, identity & higher education, African American health, and Black women's mental health. She has sole-authored papers on environmental racism, urban deserts, and health in Environmental Sociology and Sociology of Race and Ethnicity. Her current research projects include 1) exploring climate change engagement and climate change-related health among older Black Americans in southern US cities and the Boston area; 2) understanding intraracial differences in stress exposure and perceptions of environmental inequality among Black residents in public housing in South Boston; and 3) exploring the usefulness of AI-enhanced urban gardening for fostering STEM identity, place identity, and environmental responsibility among youth of color in Boston.

  Tiny Gardens Everywhere: A History of Food Sovereignty for the 21st Century

Speaker: Kate Brown, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Thursday, February 15, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Feb. 15

Five-thousand Parisian farmers grew vegetables for two million Parisians at the turn of the 19th century. German citizens won the right to garden in the midst of famines in 1919-1920. Black residents of Washington, DC paid down on their homes during the Great Depression by maintaining vegetable gardens on their urban lots. While Soviet collective farms failed, Soviets city dwellers farmed urban peripheries to produce most of the food people ate. These stories have been missed in plain sight because they do not coincide with ideas of progress or neat categorizations dividing urban from rural, nature from culture. Yet these histories reveal how a vegetable-powered wealth underwrote urbanization and industrialization, and offer an alternative vision of urbanization for cities of the future.

This lecture is being co-sponsored by the Department of History.

Kate Brown

Kate Brown is the Thomas M. Siebel Distinguished Professor in the History of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is the author of several prize-winning histories, including Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American Plutonium Disasters (Oxford 2013). Her latest book, Manual for Survival: A Chernobyl Guide to the Future (Norton 2019), translated into six languages, won the Marshall Shulman and Reginald Zelnik Prizes for the best book in  East European History, plus the Silver Medal for Laura Shannon Book Prize. Manual for Survival was also a finalist for the 2020 National Book Critics Circle Award, the Pushkin House Award and the Ryszard Kapuściński Award for Literary Reportage. She is working on a history of urban self-provisioning called “Tiny Gardens Everywhere: A Kaleidoscopic History of the Food Sovereignty Frontier.”

  Homegrown National Park

Speaker: Doug Tallamy, University of Delaware

Thursday, February 29, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Lecture Recording – Feb. 29

Our parks, preserves, and remaining wildlands – no matter how grand in scale – are too small and separated from one another to sustain the native trees, plants, insects, and animals on which our ecosystems depend. We can fix this problem by practicing conservation outside of wildlands, where we live, work, shop, farm, and ranch. Thus, the concept for Homegrown National Park: a national challenge to create diverse ecosystems in our yards, communities, farms, and surrounding lands by reducing lawn, planting native, and removing invasives. The goal of HNP is to create a national movement to restore 20 million acres with natives, an area representing ½ of what is now in lawn, as well as millions more acres in agriculture and woodlots. We are at a critical point where we are losing so many native plant and animal species that our life support systems are in jeopardy. However, if many people make small changes, we can restore healthy ecological networks and weather the changes ahead.

This talk is being cosponsored by the Biology Department.

Doug Tallamy

Doug Tallamy is the T. A. Baker Professor of Agriculture in the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Delaware, where he has authored 112 research publications and has taught insect related courses for 42 years. Chief among his research goals is to better understand the many ways insects interact with plants and how such interactions determine the diversity of animal communities. His books include Bringing Nature Home, The Living Landscape, co-authored with Rick Darke, Nature's Best Hope, a New York Times Best Seller, The Nature of Oaks, winner of the American Horticultural Society’s 2022 book award.    In 2021 he cofounded Homegrown National Park with Michelle Alfandari (HomegrownNationalPark.org). His awards include recognition from The Garden Writer’s Association, Audubon, The National Wildlife Federation, Allegheny College, Ecoforesters, The Garden Club of America and The American Horticultural Association.

  A Celebration of and for Trees: Creating Eco-performance

Speaker: Renata Celichowska, Tufts University

Thursday, March 7, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Lecture Recording – Mar. 7

During the Fall 2022 semester, the Tufts Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies department presented Pinos Loquentes, a collaborative performance piece, that focused on celebrating and raising awareness of the role of trees in our lives. “Eco theater” is a term that was coined in the 1980s to describe environmentally aware performance. How can performance artists participate in environmental activism in optimally effective ways, while including multiple political and aesthetic viewpoints? Additionally, how can we as individuals develop a physical practice that keeps our bodies attuned to the natural world on a day-to-day level. This discussion will focus on the process of making collaborative eco theater, and the translation of personal encounters with the natural world into physical and kinetic expression.

This talk is being co-sponsored by the Department of Theatre, Dance, and Performance Studies.

Renata Celichowska

Renata Celichowska, Senior lecturer, Tufts University since 2012.  
I have had the pleasure of guest teaching, performing, and choreographing for universities and studios in the U.S. and Europe, including two visiting lectureships at Yale University; workshops in Italy, Greece, Germany, England, Poland; a two-year artist's residency in the Czech Republic; choreography for drama and opera productions for Cathedral of St. John the Divine, Judson Church, the Glimmerglass Opera Festival, and most recently at Tufts in collaboration with faculty director, Sheriden Thomas. Prior to joining Tufts, I was director of the 92Y Harkness Dance Center in NYC; A longstanding faculty member at NYU; and a company member with the Erick Hawkins Dance Co. I have been involved with somatic movement research since 1988 and have been interested in our somatic connection to nature since I can remember. I hold a BA in Fine Arts from Yale University, and a MA in Dance Education from NYU. Published works include The Erick Hawkins Modern Dance Technique, and Seven Statements of Survival: Conversations with Dance Professionals. My work has been supported by The Trust for Mutual Understanding, and the National Institute to Preserve American Dance. I am dazzled every day by the natural world and believe that we do have the potential to co-exist harmoniously with it. 

  Local Public Health on the Forefront of a Changing Environment

Speaker: Karen Alroy, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

Thursday, March 14, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Mar. 14

As our planet undergoes environmental changes, the health of humans and animals are being impacted. Whether due to a warming climate, changing land-use practices, or biodiversity loss, the downstream impacts to health illustrate the deep connections between humans, animals, and the environment. This presentation will introduce the audience to local public health and its role in our society, and it will highlight stories and vignettes of how local public health practitioners are often on the frontlines, bearing witness and responding to the health impacts of a changing planet.

Karen Alroy

Dr. Karen Alroy is a medical epidemiologist at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. At the NYC Health Department, Dr. Alroy leads the One Health Team in the Antimicrobial Resistance Unit in the Bureau of Communicable Diseases. She trained as a veterinarian at the Tufts Cummings School for Veterinary Medicine and concurrently received her master’s in public health from the Tufts School of Medicine, Public Health and Professional Degree Programs. Following graduate training, Karen practiced clinical veterinary medicine in Washington D.C. in emergency small animal medicine and wildlife rehabilitation and became board certified in veterinary preventative medicine. Karen transitioned to the government sector as a Science & Technology Policy Fellow with the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), stationed at the National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Environmental Biology. In 2016, Karen joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at first as part of the Global Health Security Agenda and then later as an Epidemic Intelligence Service Officer based at the NYC Health Department.

  Ecologies of a Small New England Town: Paper, People, and the Politics of Pollution

Speaker: Kerri Arsenault, Brown University

Thursday, March 28, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST   
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA)   
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Mar 28

Three generations of Kerri Arsenault’s family made paper that they also bleached white and pristine. Discarded in the bleaching process were toxic byproducts, which also made many people in her Maine hometown ill. The fundamental need for bodies to be respected has always been at odds with industry’s goals. History has shown these abuses to be true, from the cotton fields of Virginia to the paper mill towns of rural Maine. Yet people continue to work in such industries and the communities they live in endure, despite the knowledge (and the toxics) they accrue. Arsenault will discuss how our external landscapes inscribe themselves on our internal landscapes— and the reverse, and how power, politics, family, and love shape our choices, or lack thereof.

This talk is being co-sponsored by the Department of Sociology, Department of English, and Department of Urban and Environmental Policy and Planning.

Kerri Arsenault

Kerri Arsenault is a literary critic, co-director of The Environmental Storytelling Studio at Brown University; contributing editor at Orion magazine; and author of Mill Town: Reckoning with What Remains. Her writing has been published in the Boston Globe, The Paris Review, the New York Review of Books, Freeman’s, the Washington Post, and the New York Times.

Recently, she was the Democracy Fellow at Harvard’s Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History and a fellow at the Science History Institute in Philadelphia. Her work has also been supported by Chatham University’s Falk School of Sustainability as the 2023 visiting Rachel Carson Scholar; the Rachel Carson Center for Environment & Society at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; University of Oregon’s Center for Environmental Futures; and the Architectural League of New York. She has also completed writing residencies at Litteraturhuset in Oslo, Norway; Corsicana Artist and Writer Residency in Texas; and Bread Loaf at Middlebury College, Vermont.

Arsenault is a mentor for the New City Critics Fellow program for the Urban Design Forum, and a member of the American Society for Environmental History, PEN America, Maine Writers & Publishers Alliance, and the National Book Critics Circle.

  Experiments in Utopia: Community Composting and Alternatives to Neoliberal Sustainability

Speaker: Guy Schaffer, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority

Thursday, April 4, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Apr 4

In New York City, hundreds of community composters and microhaulers manage the city’s waste while centering just sustainability, community space, and other neighborhood values. Despite the world-building work of the City’s composters, recent budget cuts leave many of these community-driven projects in jeopardy. This talk draws on nearly a decade of work with composters to describe how these small-scale projects have interacted with NYC’s uncertain efforts to institute curbside organics recycling collection. 

Characterizing grassroots projects as “experimental infrastructures,” this talk describes how community-embedded projects “compost” their context to articulate locally-meaningful solutions to sustainability problems. Pushing back on the NYC Mayor’s Office’s line that community composting is “inefficient,” Schaffer explores the limitations of neoliberal waste management and the power of experimental infrastructures to change the landscapes of urban sustainability. Taking inspiration from queer utopian scholarship, this talk makes a call for radical hope in the face of sustainability challenges.

Guy Schaffer

Guy Schaffer is an environmental sociologist who studies community-based approaches to sustainability. He is the author of Composting Utopia: Experimental Infrastructures for Organics Recycling in New York City (2023), published by University of Massachusetts Press. The book describes interactions between community and municipal composting in NYC, and makes a case for the importance of grassroots infrastructure projects for providing alternative visions of the sustainable future.

Guy earned his PhD in Science and Technology Studies from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 2016. He has served as a lecturer at Rensselaer since 2017, teaching courses on science, technology, and society; environmental sociology; and citizen science, among others. Along with colleagues at RPI, he has been working with community organizations in Troy to develop meaningful opportunities for community-engaged learning in the context of burnout and precarity. Guy currently serves as a Social Science Research Fellow at the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA), where he is building out the state’s capacity to support engaged social science research as part of its energy transition efforts.

He serves on the board of directors of BK ROT, a youth-powered compost project in Brooklyn, NY. He also sits on the Solid Waste Advisory Board in Troy, NY, where he currently lives with his partner and their dog.

Guy Shaffer will also give the keynote lecture of the Tufts Food Systems Symposium: Learning from Waste on April 5th, 2024.

  Sea-Level Change in Boston: A Story in 3 Acts

Speaker: Andrew Kemp, Tufts University

Thursday, April 11, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST     
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA)     
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Apr 11

Since 1921 CE a tide gauge in Boston recorded sea-level rise of 2.9 mm/yr. Is this normal? Will it continue? What caused sea-level to rise at this rate? Act 1: By recovering tide measurements in documentary archives the observational record is extended to 1825 CE. Act 2: By using salt-marsh sediment as a geological archive, a proxy-based reconstruction extends our knowledge of sea level change in Boston back to 4000 years before present. These two datasets confirm that historic rise is without precedent and shed light on the causes of long- and short-term sea-level change. Act 3: Projections of sea-level change specific to Boston account for multiple physical processes and indicate that sea-level rise will continue to accelerate and drive storm surges to reach higher elevations in this vulnerable coastal city.

Andrew Kemp

Andrew Kemp is an Associate Professor of Earth and Climate Science at Tufts University. Prior to arriving at Tufts in 2013 he was a post-doctoral researcher at Yale University and completed his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania in 2009. Kemp’s work generates proxy sea-level records from coastal sediment (salt marshes and mangroves) to constrain how sea level varied across space and through time during the past ~5000 years. The spatio-temporal patterns of sea level change reflect the physical processes that caused them. Therefore, recognizing the tell-tale fingerprints of particular processes (or indeed their absence) in sea-level records provides a means to better understand how Earth works. He produces original sea level reconstructions to understand processes related to climate and plate tectonics. These records provide context for current and projected changes and have featured in IPCC climate assessments, popular media, and President Obama’s State of the Union address.

  What We Can’t Burn: Friendship and Friction in the Fight for Our Energy Future

Speaker: Eve Driver

Thursday, April 18, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Apr 18

Often, the energy transition is discussed in one of two ways: as a technological problem for engineers, financiers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers to solve through innovation, or a symptom of a far deeper brokenness within our systems of capitalism and colonialism, one that requires us to radically reimagine our relationships to each other and to the “more than human world” (to borrow a phrase from eco-philosopher David Abram). Think Bill Gates vs. Robin Wall Kimmerer.

In our book to be published April 2024 by Westwood Press, my coauthor and I suggest that both of these frameworks are right and important, and the way they are so often pit against one another is itself a major impediment to the movement. Drawing upon our respective experiences as a biochar entrepreneur from rural Kenya (him) and a fossil fuel divestment activist (myself), we tell the story of the way we fell into an intense friendship while at Harvard that forced us to challenge our perspectives.

This lecture will be a discussion of both the way these dual perspectives must stand together, and the power of the liberal arts campus as a forum for collapsing the silos of technocracy and justice movements.

Eve Driver

Eve is a strategist and writer focused on the energy transition. She contributed to the research and communications efforts behind Harvard’s fossil fuel divestment campaign, then worked as a climate journalist in Nairobi covering community perspectives on ecotourism, infrastructure investment, and the circular economy. Next, she spent a few years as a management consultant at Bain & Company, before she joined the U.S. Department of Energy as a policy advisor focused on the implementation strategy for the climate policies within the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. In her spare time, she writes poetry and performs it around Brooklyn, which she calls home. Her first book, What We Can’t Burn, is a work of creative nonfiction co-authored with a Kenyan climate entrepreneur about coming of age in a world divided about how to save itself.

  Supporting Indigenous-led Sustainable Wildlife Management

Speaker: David Wilkie, Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)

Thursday, April 25, 2024 | 12-1 pm EST 
Location: Curtis Hall Multipurpose Room (474 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA) 
Online Viewer Livestream Registration – Apr 25

This presentation will provide a quick tour of what WCS has learned over the last 50 years and might help others offer respectful, and useful support to Indigenous Peoples keen to maintain the natural systems that are central to their wellbeing and cultural sense of self.

David Wilkie

Dr. David Wilkie is the Senior Technical Advisor to the Executive Vice President of WCS Global. He is a co-founder of the Conservation Measures Partnership, was a co-chair of the Bushmeat Crisis Task Force, and helped establish the Conservation Initiative on Human Rights, the Failure Factors Initiative and the Conservation Social Science Partnership. David has over 40 years of experience working with Indigenous Peoples and local communities in Central Africa, Central and South America and Asia to support their efforts to conserve nature in their lands and waters. He is a PhD wildlife ecologist with a post-doctoral specialization in evolutionary anthropology. He has published more than 150 peer reviewed articles and books. He is the WCS lead advisor for the EU SWM Program led by FAO, and the former Executive Director of the WCS Rights + Communities Program.