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Jaye Gardiner

Our scientific curiosity revolves around understanding how viruses can rewire cells to change what genes are expressed and how this altered gene expression changes cellular behavior and interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM). As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses are adept at hijacking biological processes for their own replication. However, the impact of these co-opted processes on the surrounding uninfected cells and ECM, or the "viral microenvironment", and the long-term sequelae are largely unexplored. Our goal is to study these questions within the context of fibrotic diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pancreatitis, and liver fibrosis as viral infections are frequently a cause of fibrosis and most chronic fibroses remain unresolved and result in organ failure or cancer development. Our research can be described in the following three major themes; where projects in one theme will learn from and build on our knowledge from the others. .Theme 1: Chromatin/transcriptional regulation of fibroblastic cells Projects in this theme will work to investigate the interplay between ECM signaling, chromatin remodeling, and transcriptional gene activation. In particular, we aim to answer the questions: - How do fibroblasts maintain a chronic activation status in fibrotic diseases despite lacking in vivo. cues? - How does the chromatin of fibroblastic cells change over the course of fibrotic disease development? - How are the above questions affected by different ECM components? Theme 2: Viral manipulation of the extracellular matrix Projects in this theme work to answer the questions: - How do virally infected cells alter the local environment they are in? - How do changes in the microenvironment resolve or persist after a viral infection is cleared? - Are changes in the viral microenvironment the same as other initiators of fibrotic diseases?. Theme 3: Non-oncogenic viruses and cancer Projects in this theme work to answer the questions: - How do non-oncogenic viral infections affect cancer formation and metastasis? - How do anti-viral treatments alter the microenvironment? - What is the impact of oncolytic viruses on the surrounding microenvironment?
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Barry Trimmer

Currently we are pursuing the following major projects: Current Projects 1) Modulation of Nociception. — The ability to sense and respond to harmful events (nociception) is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and in many animals results in a longer lasting sensation called pain. Nociception is a distinct sensory modality that promotes the avoidance of damaging interactions using molecular mechanisms that are well-conserved from single cell organisms to humans. Nociception typically elicits strong responses, such as aggressive or avoidance movements, but these must be chosen appropriately and enhanced (hyperalgesia) or suppressed (hypoalgesia), depending on the circumstances. Our laboratory uses an insect, the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, as a model system to study the neurobiology of nociception and its modulation. 2) Neuromechanics of Locomotion — Animal locomotion is an intricate interplay between neural processes and biomechanics. These components have co-evolved to form "neuromechanical" control systems in which neural commands organize actions and the structures and materials of the body translate these commands into movements. In some cases structures are able to accomplish movements with relatively little or no command input, but most behaviors in natural environments require intricate neural patterning. In animals that have stiff skeletons (such as vertebrates and adult stage arthropods), these motor programs rely on the constraints imposed by joints to reduce the degrees of freedom and simplify control. In contrast to animals with skeletons, soft animals do not have the same limits on movements; they can deform in complex ways and have virtually unlimited degrees of freedom. One of our major research goals is to identify how soft animals control their movements in a computationally efficient manner using the principles of embodiment and morphological computation. 3) SoftWorm Robots — a soft machine development platform — Based on extensive neuromechanical studies of soft bodied locomotion in animals, we have developed a family of actuated modules that are being used as development platforms for soft robots. These robots are about 10-15 cm long and weigh between 4g and 30g. Earlier designs were fabricated by vacuum casting silicone elastomers into 3D-printed molds, our current methods include printing the devices in a soft rubbery polymer using a multi-material 3D printer. These devices are actuated with shape-memory alloy (SMA) microcoils that can be controlled with current pulses. We have also constructed similar robots with back-drivable Maxon motors coupled to the body using flexible "tendons". The body shapes can be changed to any desired form, but most of our current prototypes resemble caterpillars or worms. They can crawl, inch or roll and even climb steep inclines. 4) Tissue Engineering of Novel Devices — One of our long-term goals is to "grow" robotic devices using a combination of biosynthetic materials, cellular modulation, and tissue engineering. In collaboration with Professors Kaplan and Levin we are exploring both invertebrate and vertebrate cell culture and regeneration systems to structure muscles and supporting tissues on scaffolds of biomaterials. These scaffolds could be degradable or allowed to remain as part of an operational biorobot. Such biological devices will be controlled using the simulation tools developed for synthetic soft robots and will exploit recent advances in soft material electronics. For these cell-based systems, we are generating bundles of contractile skeletal muscle tissue using insect muscle cells. These constructs will be engineered to contract in a controlled, coordinated fashion for eventual use as motors in soft robots. Insect cells offer novel features, such as high force, low oxygen demand, and low sterility requirements that are particularly advantageous. This work is also being applied in the field of Cellular Agriculture to develop sustainable ethical food production.

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